Live auction - fjt_787625 - PHARMACISTS - CHEMISTS - APOTHECARIES 1778
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| Estimate : | 180 € |
| Price : | 75 € |
| Maximum bid : | 75 € |
| End of the sale : | 24 January 2023 19:20:26 |
| bidders : | 1 bidder |
Date: 1778
Metal : silver
Diameter : 30 mm
Orientation dies : 6 h.
Weight : 9,32 g.
Edge : Cannelée
Rarity : R1
Catalogue references :
Obverse
Obverse legend : LUDOV. XVI. REX CHRISTIANISS.
Obverse description : Buste à gauche de Louis XVI signé DUVIV. [type n° 374].
Obverse translation : Louis XVI, roi très chrétien.
Reverse
Reverse legend : IN HIS. TRIBUS VERSANTUR ; À L'EXERGUE : COLLEGE. DE PHARMACIE. 1778.
Reverse description : Un palmier autour duquel s'enroule un serpent, formant un caducée.
Reverse translation : Ils sont versés dans les trois règnes.
Commentary
Georges Dillemann, dans son ouvrage Jetons et Médailles Pharmaceutiques (p.14), donne l'explication de ce revers : le palmier n'est pas l'emblème des apothicaires, comme le pensait Feuardent, ni leurs armes, suivant Réaubourg, mais le symbole des trois règnes de la Nature. Le palmier représente le règne végétal, le serpent, le règne animal et le sol rocailleux le règne minéral. Les métiers d'apothicaires et de pharmaciens furent séparés en avril 1777 et l'autorisation de battre jetons donnée en 1778. Notre exemplaire a été nettoyé très anciennement.
Historical background
PHARMACISTS - CHEMISTS - APOTHECARIES
Following the Muslims, European medieval pharmacy was enriched by chemical research. The common doctrine considered that diseases constituted morbid essences and that remedies acted as antidote. Also appeared in the 16th and 17th centuries. new remedies like arnica, valerian, cinchona. The corporation of apothecaries was united with that of grocers because sugar, rare in the Middle Ages, was considered more of a remedy than a food. Apothecaries began to be regulated by Charles VIII in 1484, then Louis XII separated apothecaries from grocers. Access to the profession of pharmacist was difficult, which did not prevent doctors in Molière's time from considering pharmacist-apothecaries as inferior. The first public school of pharmacy dates from 1576 and Louis XVI transformed it into a College of Pharmacy in 1777. Then, Bonaparte organized the first three national schools of pharmacy in Paris, Montpellier and Strasbourg. Finally, the arrival of synthetic substances after 1850 led to the development of modern chemical pharmacy..
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